Which disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings from highs to lows?

Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings that include episodes of manic highs and depressive lows. During the manic phase, individuals may experience elevated moods, increased energy, and heightened activity levels, while during depressive episodes, they can feel intense sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of energy. This cycling between moods can vary in intensity and duration, creating significant distress and impairment in daily functioning.

Understanding bipolar disorder is crucial, as it requires a different approach to treatment compared to other mental health conditions. For instance, while major depressive disorder primarily involves unipolar depression, and anxiety disorders center on excessive fear or worry, bipolar disorder uniquely encompasses these extreme fluctuations, making its management complex and often necessitating mood stabilizers or antipsychotic medications. Borderline personality disorder, while it may involve mood instability, primarily features issues with interpersonal relationships, self-image, and impulsivity rather than the cyclical nature of mood changes seen in bipolar disorder.